. New England Vogelleben: Als ein Handbuch der New England Ornithologie; . f gonys ; /, gonys ; NT, Seite von unter Unterkiefer ; «, Tipps ofmandibles. Bill ist ganz; In einigen, wie im Petrel, wird es zusammenstückelt.Vögel der Beute und einige andere haben ein weiches geschwollenes Verkohlungswerk der Unterseite des oberen Unterkiefers, genannt thecere; und in solcher ist travel Spitze dieses Unterkiefers hookedover das des unteren Unterkiefers. Die obere Outlinedes Schnittes ist der culmen, die entsprechende untere out-line ist die Gonys, tlie Linie der Sitzung der beiden Mann-dibles ist die Commissure. Die Nasenlöcher öffnen sich gewöhnlich an der Basis des oberen Unterkiefers,

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. New England bird life: being a manual of New England ornithology; . f gonys ; /, gonys ; nt, side of under mandible ; «, tips ofmandibles. bill is entire; in some, as in the Petrel, it is pieced.Birds of prey and some others have a soft swollen cov-ering of the base of the upper mandible, called thecere ; and in such the tip of this mandible is hookedover that of the lower mandible. The upper outlineof the bill is the culmen, the corresponding lower out-line is the gonys, tlie line of meeting of the two man-dibles is the commissure. The nostrils open usuallyat the base of the upper mandible, and commonly in a THE FOOT. 15 depression called the nasal fossa; they are often hid-den by bristly or otherwise modified feathers. Thevarious forms which the bill assumes in differentgroups of birds are indicated by terms, the meaningof which is usually obvious. The Foot. Much misunderstanding prevails re-specting the parts of a birds legs and feet in compari-son with those of a quadruped. Taking an ordinarycase, as that of a Robin for instance, that part of the. Fig. ^. — Bones of a Birds Leg and Foot. (From a Loon.) A, hip. B, knee.C, heel, or ankle joint. D, bases of toes, a, thighbone {/eviur) ; A to B is thethigh, or second joint. A, knee-cap {patella), by tibia; and c, fibula; these twobones reaching from B to C, and representins; the lej; proper, or shin (crt/s). FromC to D only, that is, from heel to toes, is the foot proper, chjefly consisting, in a bird, of the metatarsus, but in descriptive ornithology commonly called the tarsus ; in com-mon parlance, the shank. The whole limb, down to C, is commonly buried in the feath-ers ; beyond C is the naked part, d, metatarsal bone, consisting of three metatarsalbones fused in one, commonly called the tarsus. m, accessory metatarsal bone, sup-porting it, the first or hind toe, of two joints ; 2t, second or inner front toe, of threejoints ; 3/, third or middle front toe, of four joints ; ^t, fourth or outer front toe, offiv

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