. Die biologische Bulletin. Biologie; Zoologie; Biologie; Meeresbiologie. HYDROMEDUSAN PHOTIC VERHALTEN 303 Z120^ CO1 100 5 CO o Z LU ID O LU CL U O Z 80 60 40 20. 1234 BELL Höhe (cm) Abbildung 3. Mittelwert ± ICH SE) Anzahl der Schwimmen Extrasystolen pro Minute in verschiedenen Größen von S. penicillatus während spontane Erweiterte schwimmen Kämpfe auf dem Laufband beobachtet. Eine exponentielle Kurve (Y=132.65 e-o 43 x. r = 0. 96) hat sich für den Mittelwert schwimmen Frequenzen ausgestattet worden. Die kleinste Personen verwendet wurden früh Acht und sechzehn Tentakel Stadien. Jeder Mittelwert repräsentiert ein einzelnes Individuum. Shadow Reaktion/rap

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. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. HYDROMEDUSAN PHOTIC BEHAVIOR 303 Z 120 ^ CO 1 100 5 CO o Z LU ID O LU CL U. O Z CO 80 60 40 20. 1234 BELL HEIGHT (cm) FIGURE 3. Mean (± I SE) number of swimming contractions per minute of various sizes of P. penicillatus observed during spontaneous extended swimming bouts on the treadmill. An exponential curve (Y = 132.65 e-o.43x. r = o.96) has been fitted to the mean swimming frequencies. The smallest individuals used were early eight and sixteen tentacle stages. Each mean represents a single individual. Shadow response/rapid 100% shadows Medusae of all sizes tested (0.9-3.3 cm bell height) usually responded to rapid 100% shadows with one rapid swimming contraction, regardless of the absolute mag- nitude of the light intensity change (Table I). During the two minute pre-shadow period, most of the individuals did not swim and remained nearly motionless in the sink-fishing posture. Immediately after the brief shadow was presented, nearly all of these medusae responded with one swimming contraction. This single swimming con- traction did not lead to extended swimming bouts and medusae returned to their sink- fishing posture. For those medusae that were swimming during the pre-shadow period, the response to the shadow was one additional swimming contraction in its pre-shadow swimming frequency. There were no size-related differences in the response to the rapid shadows. Shadow response/spectral sensitivity All medusae consistently responded to shadows of monochromatic light between 450-575 nm (Fig. 5). Small medusae responded to a broad range of wavelengths with a peak response at 450 nm while the response range of larger medusae was compressed (failing to respond at 675 nm) and the peak response shifted to a slightly longer (550 nm) wavelength. These peaks and spectral distribution of the shadow response is similar to the spectral response of the electroretinogram (ERG) of P. penicillatus found by

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