. Die biologische Bulletin. Biologie; Zoologie; Biologie; Meeresbiologie. 184 M. C. PILLAI ET AL. ≪Seis* S £ 9 ft. "Mm Abbildung 4. Dunkle Feld Aufnahme von Eizellen aus Sicyonia ingentis, die verursacht wurde durch Antasten an die ovipore zu laichen. Die Eizellen wurden direkt in Fixiermittel (Meerwasser gepuffert 3% Glutaraldehyd) spawn - Gesammelte ing. (50X) Abbildung 5. Dunkle Feld Schliffbild mit zwei Zellen und Embryonen kultiviert aus einer induzierten laichen. Hinweis: Die gleiche Spaltung Muster. (50x). Die Zeit des Tages, initiiert prespawning Schwimmen behav-ior und anschließende laichen. Laich Verhalten in S. ingentis ist ähnlich

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. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 184 M. C. PILLAI ET AL. <seis*S£9ft. » mm Figure 4. Dark field micrograph of ova from Sicyonia ingentis that was induced to spawn by probing at the ovipore. The ova were collected directly into fixative (seawater buffered 3% glutaraldehyde) at spawn- ing. (50X) Figure 5. Dark field micrograph showing two-cell embryos cultured from an induced spawn. Note the equal cleavage pattern. (50x). time of the day, initiates prespawning swimming behav- ior and subsequent spawning. Spawning behavior in S. ingentis is similar to that de- scribed for Penaeus japonicus (Hudinaga, 1942) and Penaeus monodon (Motoh, 1981). During spawning, the animal's pereiopods are held together and projected an- teriorly while the pleopods are moved vigorously. Ova are released in a stream from the paired ovipores located at the bases of the third pair of pereiopods and mixed externally with sperm that are ejected from the thelycum (Clark etai, 1984). 100 80 o i— < 0.1, nest). Ovulation, which precedes spawning in S. ingentis by an unknown period of time (Anderson^/ di, 1984), corre- lates well with a change in oviduct color. The oviducts of ovulated females are green; the oviducts of unovulated animals are pale if not indistinguishable. Upon ovulation, free ova move down the oviducts producing a greenish appearance that is visible with the naked eye. Over 96% of the swimmers possessed green oviducts and more than 95% of these animals were ovulated as determined by sub- sequent spawning (upon probing) or dissection of the ova- ries (Table I). Only 4 of 28 (14.3%) animals removed from the bottom of the aquarium (non-swimmers) possessed green oviducts. Two of these animals had completed ovu- lation and one had partially ovulated (Table I). Animals that possess green oviducts and exhibit pre- spawning swimming behavior can be induced to spawn by probing an ovipore (Figs. la-d). Over 87% of such animals responded to probin

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