China: Eine Geschichte der Gesetze, Sitten und Sitten der Menschen . er macht das Leben notwendig.In den Städten stellen einige der reichen Bewohner manchmal in den Sommermonaten mit kaltem Tee gefüllte Felder zur Erfrischung von Wegfahrern an ihre Türen, Und im Winter protegieren sie Suppe mit der gleichen wohlwollenden Absicht. Während der heißen Sommermonate verteilen andere Herren Fans an die Armen. Diese werden zu diesem Zweck in großer Zahl gekauft, einige Herren kaufen dreihundert und andere so viele asone Thousand. Nicht wenige kaufen Medikamente für die Gratuitousdistribution. Suppenküchen und

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China : a history of the laws, manners and customs of the people . he common necessaries of life.In cities, a few of the wealthy residents sometimes place vasesfilled with cold tea at their doors during the summer months, for the refreshment of wayfarers, and in winter they provideginger soup, with the same benevolent intention. During thehot months of summer, other gentlemen distribute fans to thepoor. These are bought in large numbers for this purpose, some gentlemen buying three hundred and others as many asone thousand. Not a few purchase medicine for gratuitousdistribution. Soup-kitchens and clothing-clubs also exist, buton a very limited scale. Another form which benevolence takesis the purchase of coffins for paupers. A person is held in highesteem who makes a gift of coffins, or of money to purchase them, at a temple where he has been worshipping. Judging from thenumber of coffins which I saw, in 18G5, in a Buddhist temple atShanghai, this form of benevolence must be very popular withthe native gentry. These charitable acts are considered highly. xvin.] ]}EGGARS GUILDS. o9 meritorious, and are supposed to comiiicud those who performthem to the favour of the gods, and especially to the providentialcare of Buddha. In the absence of workliouses, the beggars form themselvesinto societies or guilds, which are presided over by presidentscalled by the community generally, Ti-C^uat, a term of reproachfor which the beggars themselves substitute a title of honour.Tlie guilds are under the superintendence of a magistrate namedPoo-Teng, by whom the presidents are protected. The beggarsare sworn to pay due respect to the rules of their societies, andthe entrance fee for each member Is upwards of four dollars.On the demise of a member, a coffin valued at two dollars isgiven for his decent interment, and it is the duty of the othermembers to accompany his remains from the house of mourningto the grave. In the third month of the year, all beggarsworship at the tombs of tlieir

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• bo
• bookcentury1800
• bookdecade1870
• bookpublisherlondonmacmillan