3498 x 5256 px | 29,6 x 44,5 cm | 11,7 x 17,5 inches | 300dpi
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The Hornbill Taxonomic Advisory Group (TAG) has adopted taxonomy used by Kemp (1995). The older genus name Rhyticeros might be seen in the literature (Kemp 1979). Other common names in use include: Red-knobbed hornbill, Island hornbill, Buton hornbill and Celebes hornbill. Adult male: crown and back of head rufous-brown; face and neck pale rufous to cream colored; body and wings black; tail white; bill yellow with orange-brown ridges across base of both mandibles; high red casque; bare circumorbital skin pale blue, with dark blue eyelids; bare throat skin dark blue with black band through lower edge and turquoise skin below band; eyes orange to red; legs and feet black. Adult female: similar to male but smaller, with less developed yellow casque; head and neck all black; throat skin with smaller black band; eyes brown to orange. Immature: plumage like adult male for both sexes, but casque undeveloped; bill pale yellow, with red wash at base; facial skin paler version of adult male; eyes dark brown with yellow rim. At 10-13 months, the casque starts to develop and the juvenile female begins to molt into adult head and neck colors. (Kemp 1995 and pers. obs.) A. c. cassidix is restricted to the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Lembeh, Togian, Muna, and Butung where it occurs in evergreen forests up to 1800m. In South Sulawesi, this species has been declared the state bird (Poonswad 1993). Kinnaird and O'Brien (1996) have documented high densities around fruiting trees but caution that the species may be declining as forest habitat is also declining. It is difficult to accurately census a nomadic species that congregates around fruiting trees; counts based on temporary, mobile aggregations may result in an exaggerated estimate of the population's true numbers. A second subspecies, A. c. brevirostris occurs on the islands of Butung and Muna. Kemp (1995) suggests that this form represents the southern end of a cline through Sulawesi. The first documented captive breeding
