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Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet (September 17, 1743 - March 28, 1794) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and early political scientist whose Condorcet method in voting tally selects the candidate who would beat each of the other candidates in a run-off election. He advocated a liberal economy, free and equal public education, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women and people of all races. His ideas and writings were said to embody the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment and rationalism, and remain influential to this day. In 1772, he published a paper on integral calculus which was widely hailed as a groundbreaking. In 1786, Condorcet worked on ideas for the differential and integral calculus, giving a new treatment of infinitesimals - a work which was never printed. He was recognized worldwide and worked with such famous scientists as Leonhard Euler and Benjamin Franklin. He died a mysterious death in prison at the age of 50 after a period of being a fugitive from French Revolutionary authorities. Engraving from "Vies des savants illustres" by Louis Figuier.
