. Die kommerzielle apple Industrie von Nordamerika. ater Jahre. Die smallerthan lateralbranches sind deutlich die zentrale Leader und strongunions gebildet werden. Während thissystem der Beschneidung noch nie durch beenwidely commercialfruit praktiziert, es hat somepopularity dwarfsand hatte, vor allem für bestimmte Sorten wie theJonathan und Mitglieder der Ben Davis Group. 5.)/1 1/Abb. 5.- Ein junge wellpruned Jonathantree dem Cen- führer Form ausgebildet. (Siehe Vorteile. 1. Starke Bäume werden produziert. Crotches selten auseinander. 2. Großes Geschick ist nicht einzuweihen und halten t erforderlich

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. The commercial apple industry of North America. ater years. The lateralbranches are considerably smallerthan the central leader and strongunions are formed. While thissystem of pruning has never beenwidely practiced by commercialfruit-growers, it has had somepopularity, especially for dwarfsand certain varieties such as theJonathan and members of the Ben Davis group.Fig. 5.) / 1 1 / Fig. 5.— A wellpruned young Jonathantree trained to the cen-tral leader form. (See Advantages. 1. Strong trees are produced. Crotches seldom split apart. 2. Great skill is not required to inaugurate and adhere tothis type of pruning. 3. Trees like the Rhode Island Greening and Jonathan withtendencies to develop low drooping side branches lend them-selves to the method. Disadvantages. 1. It is difficult to keep trees opened up sufficiently to permitlight to penetrate to the inner parts. 2. Trees usually become too high thereby making orchardoperations more difficult and expensive. 263 The Commercial Apple Industry Open center, or vase-sliape {Fig. 6).. Fig. 6.— An exces-sively pruned young De-licious tree carved outto the vase form. The open center type of train-ing was the first definite systemgenerally advocated after commer-cial apple-growing became estab-lished in this country on a highlyspecialized basis. It was for atime quite generally adopted byfruit-growers in all sections of theUnited States as the ideal methodof training and is still advocatedby some professional horticultur-ists and is practiced by manyfimit-growers. The developmentof certain weaknesses in thestrictly vase-shaped tree has led to a modification of thistype of pruning, however. In starting an open center tree, one-year-old whips areusually headed at 20 to 26 inches at planting time. Thefollowing winter or spring three to five well distributedbranches are usually chosen to form the permanent frame-work of the tree, the leader being removed the first year.The three to five main branches growing outward andu

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• bookcentury1900
• bookdecade1920
• bookpublishernewyo
• bookyear1921